UPDATES ON CAUSES, PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT OF INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Abstract

Yasir Mehmood, Pakeeza Shafiq, Abdulelah Raka A Alanazi*, Yousef Falah M Alenezi, Hussam Mohammed M Alanazi, Abdullah Hamoud M Alanazi, Turki Hani S Alhazmi, Fawaz Salah M Alanazi, Nasser Hameed M Alanazi and Mohammed Ghazi Alharbi

Objectives: To assemble the results of the research and provide insight into the causes, risk factors, and treatment of ICH.

Methods: A comprehensive exploration of relevant databases was conducted to find studies satisfying the inclusion requirements. An extensive search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Science Direct was done to find pertinent material.

Results: We included data from 10 trials with 47,654 total participants, of which 24,312 (51%) were male. Anticoagulation, intravenous drug users (IVDU), and thrombolytic therapy, along with old age, were reported as independent significant risk factors for ICH. Medication for female hormones has been associated with a higher incidence of ICH. In individuals suffering from acute ischemic stroke, endovascular and revascularization treatments are independent indicators of ICH. Excellent hemostasis was attained with 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) and tranexamic acid, which were also linked to a lower risk of death in patients with ICH. Decompressive hemicraniectomy may be beneficial in the management of large hematoma.

Conclusion: It was found to be of multifactorial causes. Although the evaluation examined a range of ICH therapy options, the impact of treatments differs depending on the type of damage being treated. This review is restricted to the analysis of treatments since certain studies did not report the study of a particular injury type by each discussed medicinal. A sufficiently large sample size will allow for an analysis of each therapy in future prospective studies.