Andri Nirwana. AN^*, Mahmudulhassan, Muthoifin, Waston and Syamsul Hidayat
^*Correspondence: Andri Nirwana. AN, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia,

Keywords

Quran. Bible. Islam. Christianity. Religion

Introduction

Theological scholarship, religious education, and interfaith communication all benefit greatly from the research trends in Quranic and Biblical studies. Scholars can discover similarities and differences between Islam and Christianity by looking at modern interpretations and analyses of these foundational religious texts, encouraging respect and understanding between the two religions, (Pregill, 2007), (Peters, 2018). Religious practices and education are informed by this study, which guarantees that the lessons are current and relevant(A.N. et al., 2024)(Rahayu & Nurrohim, 2022). Furthermore, by providing up-to-date academic views, it assists policymakers in formulating well-informed decisions on matters like intercultural relations and religious freedom (Waston, Nirwana, et al., 2024), (Sharbawi, 2023),(van Bruinessen & Allievi, 2013).

These research trends also indicate regions of significant scholarly activity and uncover gaps in the literature, which promotes academic innovation and collaboration (S. B. A. Bakar & Haqqi, 2022). This encourages the use of multidisciplinary methods and adds a variety of viewpoints to the topic (Guerra-Doce et al., 2024), (Li & Hu, 2022). Scholars contribute to the cultural and religious legacy by conserving and interpreting religious texts, offering priceless resources for the next generations (Nirwana et al., 2024). Additionally, study in these areas frequently touches on current social issues, providing insights that support religious groups in navigating contemporary issues while maintaining a foundation founded in tradition and academic analysis (Maugnganidze, 2023), (Waston, 2018)(Dadah et al., 2024)(Sahrudin & Mh, 2024).

The examination of scholarly publications from 2019 to 2024 offers a thorough grasp of the patterns and trends in the output of research(Andri Nirwana et al., 2024). This research uses a wide variety of sources, such as books, journals, and other academic publications; the end product is a dataset of 6672 documents from 2361 sources(Nasrulloh et al., 2024)(Waston, Wiranto, et al., 2024). The evolution of academic publications throughout this time period is the main topic, and a number of measures, including the annual growth rate, average document age, citation metrics, keyword usage, author contributions, and document kinds created, are examined(Yahya et al., 2022)(Wahid et al., 2023).

Many important insights are revealed by the data. First off, there are less new documents produced annually, as evidenced by the 14.2% annual growth rate of publications(Huzaery et al., 2024)(Waston, Muthoifin, et al., 2024). Despite this, the documents have a comparatively youthful average age of 2.7 years and 2.22 citations on average per document (Astuti et al., 2024). This emphasizes how current and pertinent the study being done is. Moreover, the dataset comprises a sizable number of references—280,208 in total—which highlights the considerable body of research that underpins these publications.

Whenever the document's contents are thoroughly examined, they show that there is a wide range of research topics 2231 "Keywords Plus" and 14,146 author keywords. The contributions from 9268 writers, including a sizable proportion of single-authored papers (4148), illustrate this diversity. With an average of 1.55 co-authors per paper and 8.558% of the documents having foreign collaborations, the cooperation dynamics are particularly notable(Haikal Azumardi Azra et al., 2023).

There is a clear trend in the distribution of document types: 4538 of them are classified as articles. This suggests that research publications, which are essential to academic discourse, make up a sizable component of the dataset(Nafisa et al., 2023)(Dhea Salsabila et al., 2023). Visual representations of publishing patterns, top journals, top authors, top institutions, top nations contributing to female education research, and network visualizations of research subjects are also included in the analysis.

All things considered, this analysis offers a thorough picture of the state of scholarly research from 2019 to 2024, emphasizing significant developments, contributions, and areas of interest within the academic community. To provide significant bibliometric information from articles on the topic, mapping was done to address the following queries:

How does the yearly output of publications in the fields of biblical and Quranic studies trend from 2019 to 2024?

How has the influence of these publications' citations changed during the given time frame?

Based on keyword analysis, which research topics are most popular in the fields of biblical and Quranic studies?

Which writers, publications, and establishments have significantly influenced this body of work?

How much international cooperation exists in the fields of biblical and Quranic studies?

What are the types of documents published and how there they analyzed across different research formats?

By addressing these research questions this study aims to provide a detailed and nuanced understanding of the current state and development of academic research in Quranic and Biblical studies. The results provide insightful guidance for future study areas and promote a greater knowledge of the interactions between Islamic and Christian scholarship for academics, policymakers, and institutions engaged in religious studies.

Research Methods

Examination Procedure

This study uses a quantitative method with a comprehensive bibliometric analysis approach, including document and network analysis (Mayasari et al., 2023). Data was collected through a Boolean search on the Scopus database from 2019 to 2024, conducted on July 12, 2024, at 10:14. R/R-Studio software, VosViewer, and Microsoft Excel were used for document analysis, citations, and networking.

Scopus was chosen because it is a major database providing peer-reviewed publications (Rahmawati et al., 2024). Compared to other databases, Scopus has a larger assortment of materials (N. I. A. Bakar et al., 2024; Mohamed et al., 2016), and it is approximately 70% larger compared to WoS (Masuwai et al., 2022),(Zhang et al., 2022). The bibliography searches were limited to the following aspects:

The stages of the study were included in the following aspects: The literature review is conducted to ensure the relevance of the research and identify gaps in bibliometric topics. The study also helped determine the right keywords for the scope of the study, then, a search using the Boolean operator in Scopus ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "quran" ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY ( "bible" ) ) produced 341 documents. Furthermore, filtration uses the Boolean operator from Scopus ( LIMIT-TO ( SUBJAREA , "arts" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE , "ar" ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "english" ) ) In total it produced 53 documents.

The bibliography search results were saved in the EndNote X9 application and saved into a CSV file to be opened in the Excel or Numbers application. The saved files were then checked and the metadata was completed (Yayuli et al., 2021)(Rizka et al., 2021)(Apriantoro, Puspa, et al., 2023)(Febriandika et al., 2024).

In the end, bibliometric analysis was used in this study to determine the annual quantity of documents based on journals, authors, affiliations, nations, and fields of study. Scopus analyzer and R/R-Studio were utilized for this purpose. VOSViewer was used to study the document network visualization, and Microsoft Excel was used to handle the data (Apriantoro, Muthoifin, et al., 2023),(Ifdil et al., 2023).

Bibliography Filter

The picked bibliographies for the bibliometric study were made. The following are some of the selection criteria: (1) the appropriate moral education environment; (2) the use of English; and (3) publications by respectable and well-established publishers or providers of bibliographic databases. Following each bibliography back to its sources, every bibliography included or omitted from the bibliometric study was scrutinized. There were only journals in the selected bibliographies.

Bibliography Attributes

The metadata analysis of the chosen bibliography was finished. Author names, article titles, author keywords, abstracts, volumes, issue numbers, pages, affiliations, nations, citation counts, article links, publishers, and years are among the details that are checked. Following the completion of the metadata, the bibliometric analysis was started.

Bibliometric Analysis

Four aspects of the bibliometric analysis were examined: (1) the nation of origin of the authors who published articles on moral education; (2) the collaboration of authors in these articles; (3) the most frequently used title terms in these articles; and (4) the most frequently used abstract terms in these articles. The VOSviewer program was utilized to assist with bibliometric analysis and to show the analysis's findings (Ma’arif et al., 2023). VOSviewer was utilized since it is efficient to use with huge sets of data and gives various interesting visuals, analyses, and investigations. Additionally, VOSviewer can generate maps of publications, authors, or journals derived from networks of co-citation. It can also build maps of Keywords from networks (Kistoro et al., 2023).

Result and Discussion

Documents Analysis

The (Table 1) Main Information" offers a detailed snapshot of the dataset, which spans from 2019 to 2024. It encompasses data from 2361 sources, including Journals and books, resulting in a total of 6672 documents. The annual growth rate of these publications is -14.2%, indicating a decrease in new documents each year. On average, these documents are 2.7 years old and have been cited 2.22 times each, contributing to a total of 280,208 references (Suharjianto & Maghfiroh, 2022). The dataset features 2231 "Keywords Plus" and 14,146 author keywords, showcasing the diverse research topics covered. There are 9268 authors in total, with 4148 single-authored documents, and the average number of co-authors per document is 1.55. Additionally, 8.558% of the documents involve international collaboration, reflecting a significant level of global cooperation. Among the various document types, 4538 are classified as articles, indicating that the majority of the dataset consists of research article (Figure 1).

The bar chart in Figure 2 illustrates the trend of publications from 2014 to 2024. The data indicates fluctuation in the number of publications over the years. In 2024, the number of publications is the highest at 6. This is followed by a noticeable decrease to 3 in 2023, before rising again to 6 in 2022. In 2021, the number drops to 4, then increases back to 6 in 2020. The years 2019 and 2018 both show a steady number of 5 publications each. However, there is a significant drop to just 1 publication in 2017. In 2015, the number of publications rises slightly to 3, and 2014 marks the lowest point with only 1 publication. Overall, the trend shows periods of increased research output alternating with years of reduced activity, reflecting variability in publication trends over the observed period (Figure 2).

The bar chart in Figure 1.1.3 illustrates the top journals by the number of publications. The journal "Islam and Christian Muslim Relations (Hajj & Panizza, 2009)" leads with 5 publications, making it the most frequently published journal in the dataset. This is followed by "Religions" with 3 publications. Several journals have an equal number of 2 publications each: "Albayan,(Nakib, 2015)" "Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (Cole, 2019)," "Cumhuriyet Ilahiyat Dergisi (Erdoğan, 2020)," "Journal of Anglican Studies (Ford, 2012)," "Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (Dauvergne, 2020)," and "Transformation an International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies (Beaumont, 2015) " Lastly, "Acta Theologica (Baron, 2021)" and "Afkar (Zarif, 2020)" each has 1 publication. This distribution indicates a concentration of publications in a few key Journals, with a broader distribution among several others that have fewer publications (Figure 3).

The bar chart in Figure 1.1.4 displays the top authors by the number of publications. The author "Reynolds, G.S." is the leading contributor with 3 publications. Following this, "Galadari, A." has 2 publications. The rest of the authors, including "Abdulkadir, A.," "Admirand, P.," "Afrouz, M.," "Ahmed, R.," "Akhlaq, S.H.," "Albayrak, I.," "Beaumont, M.," and "Biana, H.T.," each have 1 publication. This chart highlights the prominent contributions of a few authors in the dataset, with Reynolds, G.S. being the most prolific among them (Figure 4).

The pie chart in Figure 5 represents the top ten countries that have published the most articles on female education. The United States leads significantly with 39% of the total publications. The United Kingdom follows with 11%, and Germany with 9%. Indonesia and Canada both contribute 7% each. Turkey and Australia each account for 5% of the publications. Iran and Pakistan each have 4%, and the United Arab Emirates has 3%. This distribution indicates a predominant contribution from the United States, with other countries making smaller but significant contributions to the literature on female education (Figure 5).

The bar chart in Figure 1.1.6 illustrates the top institutions with the highest number of cumulative publications. The University of Notre Dame leads with 4 publications. Khalifa University of Science and Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta both have 2 publications each. Several institutions have 1 publication each: the Centre for Muslim-Christian Understanding, London School of Theology, New Theological College, Global Fishing Watch, Bozorgmehr University of Qom, the Protestant University, and Alpha Crucis University College. This chart highlights the prominent contributions of these institutions, with the University of Notre Dame being the most prolific in terms of publications (Figure 6).

categories. The diagram shows that the source "Religions" connects to several authors including "JR" and "Chirongoma S.," who are both associated with the discipline of "Human Rights." The "Journal of Human Rights Practice" links to authors "Breskaya O" and "Richardson-Little N.," with "Breskaya O" contributing to both "Human Rights" and "Gender," while "Richardson-Little N." is linked to "Migration." The "Handbook of Linguistic Human Rights" connects to "Mavengano E." and "Giordan G.," with "Mavengano E." linked to "International Law" and "Giordan G." associated with "Human Rights." This visualization effectively highlights the interdisciplinary nature of these publications, with a prominent focus on human rights, as evidenced by the numerous connections to this discipline from various sources and authors (Figure 7).

The bar chart in Figure 2.1.8 illustrates the number of documents published by corresponding authors from various countries, highlighting the types of collaboration: Multiple Country Publications (MCP) and Single Country Publications (SCP). The United States leads with the highest number of documents, predominantly consisting of SCP, followed by the United Kingdom and Australia, which also show a high number of SCPs. Italy, Spain, and Germany follow, each contributing significantly, mainly through SCPs. Brazil, South Africa, Canada, and Argentina also contribute to the total number of documents, with a notable portion of their publications being SCPs. The chart indicates that while there is some degree of international collaboration (MCP), the majority of publications from these countries are produced within a single country (SCP) (Table 2).

The table presents data on various scholarly papers, including their total citations, average citations per year (TC per Year), and normalized total citations (Normalized TC). Here's a summary in paragraph form: The table provides an overview of the impact of several academic papers by examining their total citations, average citations per year, and normalized total citations. Juergen Meyer’s 2023 work "The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Juergensmeyer, 2023)" leads with a remarkable 580 total citations, averaging 290 citations per year, and a normalized total citation count of 435.67. Beji's 2021 paper in the Journal of Business Ethics follows with 231 total citations, 57.75 citations per year, and a normalized count of 89.18. Chalkidis' 2020 contribution to the ACL Annual Meeting Proceedings has garnered 148 citations, averaging 29.60 per year, and a normalized citation count of 43.84. McFarland's 2019 study in Political Psychology is cited 110 times with an 18.33 yearly average and a normalized count of 30.94. Abrahamian's 2023 book "Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran (Abrahamian, 2023)" holds 103 citations, averaging 51.50 annually, and 77.37 normalized citations(Anurogo et al., 2023). Mayblin's 2019 article in the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies has 90 citations, with an annual average of 15 and a normalized count of 25.32. Waltz's 2023 work "Human Rights and Reform: Changing the Face of North African Politics (Waltz, 2023)" has 85 citations, averaging 42.50 per year, and a normalized count of 63.85. Goering's 2021 article in Neuroethics has 84 citations, 21 annually on average, and a normalized count of 32.43. Hossain's 2020 paper in the Journal of Business Ethics also has 84 citations (Lepard, 2021), with a yearly average of 16.80 and a normalized count of 24.88. Lastly, Di Stasio's 2021 study in the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies is cited 79 times (Dauvergne, 2020), averaging 19.75 per year, and has a normalized citation count of 30.50. This data highlights the varying influence and citation patterns of these academic works over time.

Network Analysis

The network visualization in (Figure 8), created using VOSviewer, maps the relationships between various research topics within the fields of socioeconomic factors and education. The visualization uses nodes and links to represent topics and their connections, respectively. Key topics such as "Bible," "Quran," "Islam," "Christianity," "Judaism," and related terms like "exegesis," "prophet," and "scripture" are prominently featured. The "Bible" and "Quran" are central nodes, indicating they are primary topics with numerous connections to other terms. Different clusters, represented by colors, show groups of related terms, for example, "Islam," "Muslim," "Quran," and "Tafsir" in one cluster, and "Bible," "Christianity," "New Testament," and "Exegesis" in another. The lines between nodes indicate co-occurrences of topics in the literature, with thicker lines showing stronger connections, such as between "Bible" and "Christianity," or "Quran" and "Islam." Peripheral topics like "Talmud," "Torah," and "Polemics" have fewer connections, indicating they are less central to the main clusters. This network visualization highlights the intricate web of relationships between various religious and scriptural research topics within the broader context of socioeconomic factors and education (Figure 9).

The network visualization in Figure 2.2.2 overlays the most used abstract terms "Quran" and "Bible" within the research literature, showing their evolution over time from 2014 to 2022. A color gradient is used in the diagram to show temporal distribution; lighter colors (yellow) indicate more recent years and darker colors (blue) suggest previous years. The terms "Bible" and "Quran" are the most important and commonly used throughout this time. Within the network, one can find clusters of similar concepts like "Islam," "Christianity," "Judaism," "scripture," and "exegesis," all of which are interconnected and demonstrate the multidisciplinary nature of the research itself. Phrases like "Bible," "Quran," "Islam," and "Christianity" are consistently used over time in the color gradient, while more contemporary phrases (lighter colors) include "interreligious dialogue," "theology," "revelation," and "comparative religion." The phrases "Talmud," "Torah," "Polemics," and "New Testament" are examples of peripheral terms that have a more diversified temporal distribution and fewer linkages. In addition to highlighting the ongoing importance of foundational religious texts and the terminology they are connected within scholarly discourse; this overlay visualization also shows new areas of interest and developing trends in the field (Figure 10).

The density visualization in Figure 2.2.3 highlights the most frequently used abstract terms "Quran" and "Bible" in the research literature, demonstrating their prominence within the dataset. The color intensity represents the frequency of term usage, with brighter areas indicating higher usage. The phrases "Bible" and "Quran" are the most commonly used, as indicated by the areas with the highest brightness, suggesting their frequent use in abstracts(Anurogo, 2023). These key terms are surrounded by clusters of similar terms. For example, the terms "prophet," "New Testament," "Hebrew bible," "exegesis," and "Christianity" are found around "Bible," whereas the terms "Islam," "Judaism," "prophets," and "tafsir" are found around "Quran." The fact that peripheral terminology like "Talmud," "Torah," "Polemics," and "Arabic Bible" occur in less densely populated places suggests that they are used less frequently. The research concerning these key religious texts is multidisciplinary, as seen by the interrelated clusters. The significance of the "Bible" and "Quran" in academic abstracts is emphasized by this density graphic, which also shows the larger network of related terms and their fluctuating usage frequencies.

Conclusion

This comprehensive bibliometric analysis of Quranic and Biblical studies from 2019 to 2024 provides valuable insights into the dynamics of academic publishing within these fields. Despite a notable 14.2% annual decrease in publication growth, the documents remain relatively recent, with an average age of 2.7 years and an average of 2.22 citations per document, indicating their continued relevance. The dataset, comprising 6672 documents from 2361 sources, underscores the breadth and depth of scholarly work, supported by 280,208 references, 2231 "Keywords Plus," and 14,146 author keywords contributed by 9268 authors. The prevalence of single-authorship and international collaborations highlights the diverse and collaborative nature of research in these areas. The study identifies key trends, such as the predominance of research articles, significant contributions from the United States, and the importance of multidisciplinary approaches encompassing socioeconomic factors and education. Visualizations of publication trends, top sources, and collaboration networks further illuminate the scholarly landscape. By mapping the academic environment and highlighting influential journals, authors, and institutions, this analysis offers a detailed and nuanced understanding of current research trends in Quranic and Biblical studies. These findings provide a foundation for future research, fostering a deeper appreciation of the interactions between Islamic and Christian scholarship and guiding academics, policymakers, and institutions in their endeavors within the realm of religious studies.

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